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Gauss–Legendre methods are implicit Runge–Kutta methods. More specifically, they are collocation methods based on the points of Gauss–Legendre quadrature. The Gauss–Legendre method based on s points has order 2s. [1] All Gauss–Legendre methods are A-stable. [2] The Gauss–Legendre method of order two is the implicit midpoint rule.
Carl Friedrich Gauss was the first to derive the Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule, doing so by a calculation with continued fractions in 1814. [4] He calculated the nodes and weights to 16 digits up to order n=7 by hand. Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi discovered the connection between the quadrature rule and the orthogonal family of Legendre polynomials.
The method is based on the individual work of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752–1833) combined with modern algorithms for multiplication and square roots. It repeatedly replaces two numbers by their arithmetic and geometric mean, in order to approximate their arithmetic-geometric mean.
The Gauss–Legendre method based on s points has order 2s. [2] All Gauss–Legendre methods are A-stable. [3] In fact, one can show that the order of a collocation method corresponds to the order of the quadrature rule that one would get using the collocation points as weights.
It is the simplest method in the class of collocation methods known as the Gauss-Legendre methods. ... The Gauss–Legendre method of order four has Butcher tableau: ...
This exact rule is known as the Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule. The quadrature rule will only be an accurate approximation to the integral above if f (x) is well-approximated by a polynomial of degree 2n − 1 or less on [−1, 1]. The Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule is not typically used for integrable functions with endpoint singularities ...
The Gauss–Legendre method with s stages has order 2s, so its stability function is the Padé approximant with m = n = s. It follows that the method is A-stable. [34] This shows that A-stable Runge–Kutta can have arbitrarily high order. In contrast, the order of A-stable linear multistep methods cannot exceed two. [35]
The method is based on the theory of orthogonal collocation where the collocation points (i.e., the points at which the optimal control problem is discretized) are the Legendre–Gauss (LG) points. The approach used in the GPM is to use a Lagrange polynomial approximation for the state that includes coefficients for the initial state plus the ...