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Amyloid, a misfolded and insoluble protein, can become a deposit in the heart's atria, valves, or ventricles. These deposits can cause thickening of different sections of the heart, leading to decreased cardiac function. [1] The overall decrease in cardiac function leads to a plethora of symptoms. [2]
Women are slightly more likely to have plaques than are men. [ 45 ] [ 44 ] Both plaques and Alzheimer's disease also are more common in aging persons with trisomy -21 ( Down syndrome ). [ 1 ] [ 46 ] This is thought to result from the excess production of Aβ because the APP gene is on chromosome 21, which exists as three copies in Down syndrome .
70–80% of those with AL amyloidosis have heart involvement, and heart involvement is the leading cause of death. [4] Heart complications, include heart failure and irregular heart beat. Early heart involvement in AL amyloidosis may present as low voltage electrical rhythms on an electrocardiograph, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and ...
The reasons why amyloid cause diseases are unclear. In some cases, the deposits physically disrupt tissue architecture, suggesting disruption of function by some bulk process. An emerging consensus implicates prefibrillar intermediates, rather than mature amyloid fibers, in causing cell death, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases.
Amyloid deposits in tissue can cause enlargement of structures. Twenty percent of people with AL amyloidosis have an enlarged tongue, that can lead to obstructive sleep apnea, difficulty swallowing, and altered taste. [11] Tongue enlargement does not occur in ATTR or AA amyloidosis. [10] Deposition of amyloid in the throat can cause hoarseness ...
The researchers also discovered that plaques only form when a specific level of amyloid beta from neurons is present, at which point oligodendrocytes contribute to plaque build-up.
Amyloid cardiomyopathy (stiff heart syndrome) [5] is a condition resulting in the death of part of the myocardium (heart muscle). It is associated with the systemic production and release of many amyloidogenic proteins , especially immunoglobulin light chain or transthyretin (TTR). [ 6 ]
A heart attack occurs suddenly when an atherosclerotic plaque in one of the arteries to your heart ruptures. It can cause symptoms such as: Chest pain, pressure, or tightness