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Recent research investigating MDMA has revealed the neurotoxic effect of the drug on brain serotonin neurons. [1] [3] [6] [7] [8] Long term and potentially permanent changes to serotonergic axons have been noted in animal and primate studies where they were administered doses of MDMA similar to those taken by some human users.
The 7 general serotonin receptor classes include a total of 14 known serotonin receptors. [9] The 15th receptor 5-HT 1P has been distinguished on the basis of functional and radioligand binding studies, its existence has never been definitely affirmed or refuted. [10] [11] The specific types have been characterized as follows: [12] [13] [14]
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
One effect of 5-HT 2A receptor activation is a reduction in intraocular pressure, and so 5-HT 2A agonists can be useful for the treatment of glaucoma. This has led to the development of compounds such as AL-34662 that are hoped to reduce pressure inside the eyes but without crossing the blood–brain barrier and producing hallucinogenic side ...
The serotonin created by the brain comprises around 10% of total body serotonin. The majority (80-90%) is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. [15] [16] It travels around the brain along the medial forebrain bundle and acts on serotonin receptors. In the peripheral nervous system (such as in the gut wall) serotonin regulates vascular tone.
It appears that only the 5-HT 3A subunits form functional homopentameric channels. All other subunit subtypes must heteropentamerize with 5-HT 3A subunits to form functional channels. Additionally, there has not currently been any pharmacological difference found between the heteromeric 5-HT 3AC , 5-HT 3AD , 5-HT 3AE , and the homomeric 5-HT 3A ...
They act by antagonizing the α 2-adrenergic receptor and certain serotonin receptors such as 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C, [1] but also 5-HT 3, [1] 5-HT 6, and/or 5-HT 7 in some cases. By blocking α 2 -adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors , NaSSAs enhance adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain involved in mood regulation ...
The 5-HT 2 receptors are a subfamily of 5-HT receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). [1] The 5-HT 2 subfamily consists of three G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are coupled to G q /G 11 and mediate excitatory neurotransmission, [2] including 5-HT 2A, 5-HT 2B, and 5-HT 2C.