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Anxiety is an emotion characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. [1] [2] [3] Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. [4]
This anxiety can be caused by any of the four forms of communication: interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. [ 6 ] The most common and reliable test used to measure an individual's OCA level when exposed to these forms of communication is called the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, also known as the PRCA-24 test ...
Aaron T. Beck et al. (1988) combined three separate anxiety questionnaires, with 86 original items, to derive the BAI: the Anxiety Checklist, the Physician's Desk Reference Checklist, and the Situational Anxiety Checklist. [2] The BAI is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in adolescents and adults ages 17 and older.
Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory is known as the high levels of anxiety one may experience as they come in contact with those of another culture.This concept was first introduced by William B. Gudykunst to further define how humans effectively communicate based on their anxiety and uncertainty in social situations.
Psychological stress can be external and related to the environment, [3] but may also be caused by internal perceptions that cause an individual to experience anxiety or other negative emotions surrounding a situation, such as pressure, discomfort, etc., which they then deem stressful. Hans Selye (1974) proposed four variations of stress. [4]
An anxiety threshold is the level of anxiety that, when reached, can affect a person's performance. Anxiety is an emotion , similar to fear , that can be created by insecurities in one's abilities, concerns for the future, such as financial or situational circumstances, or past memories of frightening experiences.
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point Likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety – state anxiety and trait anxiety. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉ Surprise. There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions, though Plutchik never describes in any detail what the triads might be. [58] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level. [59]