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  2. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    From the multiplication tables, the square root of the mantissa must be 8 point something because a is between 8×8 = 64 and 9×9 = 81, so k is 8; something is the decimal representation of R. The fraction R is 75 − k 2 = 11, the numerator, and 81 − k 2 = 17, the denominator. 11/17 is a little less than 12/18 = 2/3 = .67, so guess .66 (it's ...

  3. Square root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root

    The square roots of the perfect squares (e.g., 0, 1, 4, 9, 16) are integers. In all other cases, the square roots of positive integers are irrational numbers, and hence have non-repeating decimals in their decimal representations. Decimal approximations of the square roots of the first few natural numbers are given in the following table.

  4. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

    The numbers in each row are "read", ignoring the second and third columns from the square root bone; these are recorded. (For example, the sixth row is read as: 0 ⁄ 6 1 ⁄ 2 3 ⁄ 6 → 756 ). Like in multiplication shown before, the numbers are read from right to left and add the diagonal numbers from top-right to left-bottom ( 6 + 0 = 6 ...

  5. nth root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nth_root

    A square root of a number x is a number r which, when squared, becomes x: =. Every positive real number has two square roots, one positive and one negative. For example, the two square roots of 25 are 5 and −5. The positive square root is also known as the principal square root, and is denoted with a radical sign:

  6. Mental calculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculation

    It is an in-person competition that occurs every other year in Germany. It consists of four different standard tasks --- addition of ten ten-digit numbers, multiplication of two eight-digit numbers, calculation of square roots, and calculation of weekdays for given dates --- in addition to a variety of "surprise" tasks. [10]

  7. Multiplication algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_algorithm

    It requires memorization of the multiplication table for single digits. This is the usual algorithm for multiplying larger numbers by hand in base 10. A person doing long multiplication on paper will write down all the products and then add them together; an abacus-user will sum the products as soon as each one is computed.

  8. Computational complexity of mathematical operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity...

    Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.

  9. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

    Roots are a special type of exponentiation using a fractional exponent. For example, the square root of a number is the same as raising the number to the power of and the cube root of a number is the same as raising the number to the power of .