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Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, [8] [5] [9] [10] and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides [11] and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. [12]
Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical inheritance.In the presence of HGT events, different fragments of the genome are the result of different evolutionary histories.
Horizontal transfer can involve the movement of TEs from one organism into the genome of another. The insertion itself allows the TE to become an activated gene in the new host. Horizontal transfer is used by DNA transposons to prevent inactivation and complete loss of the transposon.
Transformation is one of three forms of horizontal gene transfer that occur in nature among bacteria, in which DNA encoding for a trait passes from one bacterium to another and is integrated into the recipient genome by homologous recombination; the other two are transduction, carried out by means of a bacteriophage, and conjugation, in which a ...
DNA transposons, LTR retrotransposons, SINEs, and LINEs make up a majority of the human genome. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), sometimes called selfish genetic elements, [1] are a type of genetic material that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another. MGEs are found in all organisms.
This lateral gene transfer occurred also beyond the Darwinian threshold, after heredity or vertical gene transfer was established. [4] [5] "Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic "domains". Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species ...
An entire gene family may also be lost, or gained through de novo gene birth, by such extensive divergence such that a gene is considered part of a new family, or by horizontal gene transfer. When the number of genes per genome remains relatively constant, this implies that genes are gained and lost at relatively same rates.
In 2011, human L1 was reportedly discovered in the genome of the gonorrhea bacteria, evidently having arrived there by horizontal gene transfer. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Structure