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In order to reduce the cross-race effect there have been multiple changes to how policemen handle eyewitness identification. [45] For example, to reduce the cross-race identification bias Britain has a law that states police must include the suspect in a line up with at least eight other people who share similar characteristics to him or her. [45]
Biracial and multiracial identity development is described as a process across the life span that is based on internal and external forces such as individual family structure, cultural knowledge, physical appearance, geographic location, peer culture, opportunities for exploration, socio-historical context, etc. [1]
The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
In critical race theory, the black–white binary is a paradigm through which racial history is presented as a linear story between White and Black Americans. [1] This binary has largely defined how civil rights legislation is approached in the United States, as African Americans led most of the major racial justice movements that informed civil rights era reformation. [2]
Racial formation theory is an analytical tool in sociology, developed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial categories are determined by social, economic, and political forces. [1]
Racial fluidity is the idea that race is not permanent and fixed, but rather imprecise and variable. [1] The interpretation of someone's race, including their self-identification and identification by others, can change over the course of a lifetime, including in response to social situations. The racial identity of groups can change over time ...
The race of the Wright had to be socially proven, and neither side could present enough evidence. Since the slave owner Hudgins bore the burden of proof, Wright and her children gained their freedom. López uses this example to show the power of race in society. Human fate, he argues, still depends upon ancestry and appearance.
His theory assumed that African Americans are "believed to be socialized into the predominant culture, which resulted in diminished racial identification", [1] and thus the Nigrescence model posits that an encounter with an instance of racism or racial discrimination may precipitate the exploration and formation of racial identity, and foster a ...