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In the paint and coating industries, paint adhesion testing is often used to determine if the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to which they are applied. Several tests measure the resistance of paints and coatings from substrates: cross-cut test, scrape adhesion, pull-off test , and others.
Scratch-and-sniff stickers are occasionally used to help diagnose anosmia, [8] [9] though the Alcohol Sniff Test,which uses vaporised 70% isopropyl alcohol, is far more common. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Some utility companies enclosed scratch and sniff cards in their bills to educate the public in recognizing the smell of a methane gas leak.
The solubility in water depends on the type of salt. Sodium chloride can be dissolved in cold water to a concentration of 357 g∙l −1. Not only solubility differs between salts but also the conductivity. When performing a Bresle method test, not only sodium chloride is dissolved but also all other salts present on the surface.
Water continues to permeate into the region. As the soluble substance dissolves under the paint layer, the pressure caused by the increase in volume can exert a greater force than the paint adhesion and cohesion forces, giving rise to the formation of a blister; the process called osmotic blistering.
The salt spray test (or salt fog test) is a standardized and popular corrosion test method, used to check corrosion resistance of materials and surface coatings.Usually, the materials to be tested are metallic (although stone, ceramics, and polymers may also be tested) and finished with a surface coating which is intended to provide a degree of corrosion protection to the underlying metal.
The chemical resistance of a material or surface can be determined in compliance with ISO 2812 Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to liquids – Part 1: Immersion in liquids other than water (ISO 2812-1:2007 [1]); German Version EN ISO 2812-1:2007 or Part 4: Spotting methods (ISO 2812-4:2007 [2]); German Version EN ISO 2812-4:2007.
Natural gas leaks happen nearly every day in the U.S. — and they can be deadly if they go undetected. A report from a group of Texas environmental nonprofits released in June found around 2,600 ...
In adhesion tests per ASTM D4541, in which an aluminum stud is bonded to the test surface and the stud is pulled in the direction normal to the surface, both surfaces of the failure interface were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). F/C ratio was used as an indicator of the failure mode: F/C of zero corresponds to failure in the ...