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Many Syrian Army personnel fled to Iraq during the fall of the Assad regime. Following Assad's departure, the Syrian Arab Army Command gave an announcement to its soldiers and officers that they were no longer in service as of 8 December 2024, claiming the Assad government had ceased to exist.
615–672 foreign soldiers have been killed during the conflict, mostly by military involvement from their countries and in the border areas with Syria. 16 Iraqi servicemen killed. On 2 March 2013, one Iraqi soldier was killed during clashes between Syrian rebels and government forces at a Syrian-Iraqi border crossing. [158]
On the same day, two civilians were killed in shelling between Pro-Assad militias and SDF forces Abu Al-Hamam town in the eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor. [166] On 12 August, the SOHR reported that at least 45 people had been killed in the Pro-Assad/SDF clashes along the Euphrates river in the Deir ez-Zor countryside. [167]
The United States, European Union, and the majority of the Arab League called for Assad to resign. The civil war has killed around 580,000 people, of which a minimum of 306,000 deaths are non-combatant; according to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, pro-Assad forces caused more than 90% of those civilian deaths. [3]
Foreign fighters [1] have fought on all four sides of the Syrian Civil War, as well both sides of the War in Iraq.In addition to Sunni foreign fighters, Shia fighters from several countries have joined pro-government militias in Syria, leftist militants have joined Kurdish forces, and other foreign fighters have joined jihadist organizations [2] and private military contractors recruit globally.
On 26 September, as many as 70–80 people were killed in the desert by Syrian government forces, according to witnesses. [133] On 29 September, airstrikes killed at least 34 people in the Armanaz massacre. [134] On 13 November, Russian Air Force conducted an airstrike with unguided bombs on a crowded market in Atarib, resulting in 84 deaths. [135]
A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late-2015/early-2016 the Assad regime was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias, rather than the Syrian Armed Forces. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Between 2016 and 2020, with the help of Russia and Iran, the Syrian Arab Armed Forces were rebuilt and united most of the armed militias.
[4] [3] Domestically, his early years in power witnessed Sunni uprisings against his rule, which were violently put down during the 1982 Hama massacre, an incident estimated to have killed between 20,000-40,000 civilians. [2] [3]