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A section of a yew branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood, dark heartwood, and pith (center dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots. Heartwood (or duramen [12]) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation is a genetically programmed ...
The wood anatomy includes the study of the structure of the bark, cork, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, heartwood and sapwood and branch collar. The main topic is the anatomy of two distinct types of wood: Softwoods [7] Hardwoods [8]
The trunk consists of five main parts: The outer bark, inner bark , cambium, sapwood (live xylem), and heartwood (dead xylem). [2] From the outside of the tree working in: The first layer is the outer bark; this is the protective outermost layer of the trunk. Under this is the inner bark which is called the phloem. The phloem is how the tree ...
Tyloses can aid in the process of making sapwood into heartwood in some hardwood trees, especially in trees with larger vessels. [3] These blockages can be used in addition to gum plugs as soon as vessels become filled with air bubbles, and they help to form a stronger heartwood by slowing the progress of rot.
It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium. The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood.
The trunk is usually highly irregular with frequent branching. The bark is slate white in color and has a peeling appearance. The sapwood is usually pale reddish in color while the heartwood is deep red to brown. [4] [5] The leaves are around 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 in) in length, and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width.
Mallet of lignum vitae, all sapwood Wood of Bulnesia sarmientoi. Lignum vitae (/ ˈ l ɪ ɡ n ə m ˈ v aɪ t i,-ˈ v iː t aɪ / [1]), also called guayacan or guaiacum, [2] and in parts of Europe known as Pockholz or pokhout, is a wood from trees of the genus Guaiacum. The trees are indigenous to the Caribbean and the northern coast of South ...
The heartwood is golden to dark brown; the sapwood is white to pale brownish white. The heartwood is durable (its specific gravity is 0.7 – 0.8) and is very resistant to fungi, but the sapwood is readily attacked by dry-wood termites and borers. D. sissoo is known to contain the neoflavonoid dalbergichromene in its stem bark and heartwood. [5]