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Both one's risk of depression [53] [59] and inflammation levels [39] [55] [12] have also been found to be higher in adults who experienced childhood adversity. Similarly, these individuals also face increased risk of autoimmune diseases, [12] which are both indicative of greater inflammatory responses and risk factors for depression.
The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
Endogenous depression is an atypical subclass of major depressive disorder (clinical depression). It could be caused by genetic and biological factors. [ 1 ] Endogenous depression occurs due to the presence of an internal (cognitive, biological) stressor instead of an external (social, environmental) stressor. [ 2 ]
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a well-known questionnaire for scoring depression based on all three aspects of the triad. Other examples include the Beck Hopelessness Scale [ 14 ] for measuring thoughts about the future and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [ 15 ] for measuring views of the self.
Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications. Depression has been linked to major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's disease and heart disease, Brain structure and function in the case of bipolar disorder. [1 ...
Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [3] It affects about 3.5% of the global population , or about 280 million people worldwide, as of 2020. [ 4 ] Depression affects a person's thoughts , behavior , feelings , and sense of well-being . [ 5 ]
Additionally, evidence points to abnormalities in neurotransmission, intracellular signaling, and cellular functioning as contributing factors. [ 3 ] Research into bipolar disorder, particularly neuroimaging studies, faces challenges such as confounding effects of medication, comorbid conditions, and small sample sizes, which may result in ...