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A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages attached on the caudal end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. [1] With reference to quadrupeds, the term hindleg or back leg is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture (e.g. humans and some primates), the term lower limb is often used.
Establishment of the forelimb field (but not hindlimb field) requires retinoic acid signaling in the developing trunk of the embryo from which the limb buds emerge. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Also, although excess retinoic acid can alter limb patterning by ectopically activating Shh or Meis1/Meis2 expression, genetic studies in mouse that eliminate retinoic ...
The Indian burrowing frog (Sphaerotheca breviceps) is a species of frog found in South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka and in Myanmar). [2]
Ribeiroia ondatrae, or the frog-mutating flatworm is a parasite in the genus Ribeiroia which is believed to be responsible for many of the recent increases in amphibian limb malformations, particularly missing, malformed, and additional hind legs. It was first reported from livers of Ondatra, hence its specific name. [1]
Skeletons of a human and an elephant. Comparative foot morphology involves comparing the form of distal limb structures of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates.Understanding the role that the foot plays for each type of organism must take account of the differences in body type, foot shape, arrangement of structures, loading conditions and other variables.
Pes of a rodent, Eurasian hamster Cricetus cricetus. The pes (Latin for foot) is the zoological term for the distal portion of the hind limb of tetrapod animals. [1] It is the part of the pentadactyl limb that includes the metatarsals and digits ().
Cruziohyla craspedopus is a high-canopy frog of primary tropical lowland rainforest at elevations of 50–600 m (160–1,970 ft) above sea level. It only descends to lower branches for breeding, which takes place in fallen trees holding small water pools. However, tadpoles have also been found in small pools on the ground.
In chickens, Tbx4 specifies hindlimb status, while Tbx5 specifies forelimb status. [13] In mice, however, both hindlimbs and forelimbs can develop in the presence of either Tbx4 or Tbx5 . [ 14 ] In fact, it is the Pitx1 and Pitx2 genes that appears to be necessary for specification of the developing hindlimb, whereas their absence results in ...