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1952: an X-ray diffraction image of DNA was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, a student supervised by Rosalind Franklin. [30] 1953: DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. [31] 1955: Alexander R. Todd determined the chemical makeup of nitrogenous bases.
1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans. 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. [6] 1974 – Scientists invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
Using these x-rays and information already known about the chemistry of DNA, James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA in 1953. [25] [26] Together, these discoveries established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA which is transcribed by
DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 [20] and by combining the two enzymes it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids , discovered in 1952, [ 21 ] became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences.
The timeline begins at the Bronze Age, as it is difficult to give even estimates for the timing of events prior to this, such as of the discovery of counting, natural numbers and arithmetic. To avoid overlap with timeline of historic inventions , the timeline does not list examples of documentation for manufactured substances and devices unless ...
Now, scientists have used ancient DNA collected from the casts that have been made to better understand the Pompeii residents and their origins. What they found alters history that’s been ...
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. [5] In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes.
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