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ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest.
The cost and accessibility of ChIP-seq is a major disadvantage, which has led to the more predominant use of ChIP-chip in laboratories across the world. [2] This photo compares the efficacy of the two experimental techniques, ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip. Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of NChIP and XChIP
The term was coined by The Economist [3] and is named after author Rob Carlson. [1]Carlson curves illustrate the rapid (in some cases above exponential growth) decreases in cost, and increases in performance, of a variety of technologies, including DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein production and in determining protein structures.
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The ChIA-PET method combines ChIP-based methods, [2] and Chromosome conformation capture (3C) based methods, [3] to extend the capabilities of both approaches. ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a popular method used to identify transciption factor binding sites (TFBS) while 3C has been used to identify long-range chromatin interactions.
Recent advances in chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing have provided powerful ways to identify genome-wide profiling of DNA-binding proteins and histone modifications. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The application of ChIP-seq methods has reliably discovered transcription factor binding sites and histone modification sites.
The cost of the DNA microarrays is often a limiting factor to whether a laboratory should proceed with a ChIP-on-chip experiment. Another limitation is the size of DNA fragments that can be achieved. Most ChIP-on-chip protocols utilize sonication as a method of breaking up DNA into small pieces.
Personal genomics or consumer genetics is the branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing, analysis and interpretation of the genome of an individual. The genotyping stage employs different techniques, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full genome sequencing.