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Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
Natural gas extraction also produces radioactive isotopes of polonium (Po-210), lead (Pb-210) and radon (Rn-220). Radon is a gas with initial activity from 5 to 200,000 becquerels per cubic meter of gas. It decays rapidly to Pb-210 which can build up as a thin film in gas extraction equipment. [140]
A natural-gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Austria. Natural-gas processing is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing contaminants such as solids, water, carbon dioxide (CO 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), mercury and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce pipeline quality dry natural gas [1] for pipeline distribution and final use. [2]
US EPA diagram of mountaintop mining: "Step 1. Layers of rock and dirt above the coal (called overburden) are removed." "Step 2. The upper seams of coal are removed with spoils placed in an adjacent valley." "Step 3. Draglines excavate lower layers of coal with spoils placed in spoil piles." "Step 4. Regrading begins as coal excavation ...
natural water displacing oil downward into the well; expansion of the associated petroleum gas at the top of the reservoir; expansion of the associated gas initially dissolved in the crude oil; gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where well extraction is located.
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012). SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) phases into the gas phase, with subsequent collection of the gas phase ...
UCG product gas can also be used for: Synthesis of liquid fuels; Manufacture of chemicals, such as ammonia and fertilizers; Production of synthetic natural gas; Production of hydrogen. In addition, carbon dioxide produced as a by-product of underground coal gasification may be re-directed and used for enhanced oil recovery. [citation needed]
A 16-part assessment of methane leakage from natural gas production initiated by the Environmental Defense Fund [39] found that fugitive emissions in key stages of the natural gas production process are significantly higher than estimates in the EPA's national emission inventory, with a leakage rate of 2.3 percent of overall natural gas output ...