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The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians [11] and their conquerors, the Hittites. The Hattic city of Zalpa was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak, on the Black Sea coast." [12]
Thus, at most eleven elemental metals and metalloids were known by the end of antiquity; this contrasts greatly with the situation today, with over 90 elemental metals known. Bismuth only began to be recognised as distinct around 1500 by the European and Incan civilisations.
Platinum(IV) oxide, PtO 2, also known as "Adams' catalyst", is a black powder that is soluble in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions and concentrated acids. [41] PtO 2 and the less common PtO both decompose upon heating. [13] Platinum(II,IV) oxide, Pt 3 O 4, is formed in the following reaction: 2 Pt 2+ + Pt 4+ + 4 O 2− → Pt 3 O 4
Popular discussion of this early Holocene Black Sea flood scenario was headlined in The New York Times in December 1996 [10] and later published as a book. [9] In a series of expeditions widely covered by mainstream media, a team of marine archaeologists led by Robert Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, drowned river valleys, tool-worked timbers ...
Sea-trading on the Black Sea was most intense during the period of late antiquity, between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. [33] The examination of the four shipwrecks found by Ballard and his team provide the direct evidence for Black Sea maritime trade so well attested by the distribution of ceramics on land. [citation needed]
The most notable examples are the Platinum cat, [8] and Platinum Noble by the Isle of Man, Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf, [9] Chinese Platinum Panda and Australian Platinum Koala. [citation needed] The minting of a trillion-dollar platinum coin was proposed as a solution to the 2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis.
The central tenet of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis is that as the ocean rose 72.5 metres (238 ft) at the end of the last Ice Age when the massive ice sheets melted, the sealed Bosporus was overwhelmed by a spectacular flood that increased the then fresh water Black Sea Lake by 50%, and drove people back from the shores for many months.
The word "euxinia" is derived from the Greek name for the Black Sea (Εὔξεινος Πόντος (Euxeinos Pontos)) which translates to "hospitable sea". [1] Euxinic deep water is a key component of the Canfield ocean , a model of oceans during part of the Proterozoic eon (a part specifically known as the Boring Billion ) proposed by Donald ...