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The Willamette Meteorite, the sixth-largest meteorite found in the world, has 4.7 ppm iridium. [59] Iridium is one of the nine least abundant stable elements in Earth's crust, having an average mass fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock; gold is 4 times more abundant, platinum is 10 times more abundant, silver and mercury are 80 times more ...
Metal Largest producer Second largest producer Complete list Aluminium [6] China India List of countries by aluminium production: Bauxite [7] Australia Guinea List of countries by bauxite production
The type locality of this iridium anomaly is near Raton, New Mexico. [1] [2]Iridium is a very rare element in the Earth's crust, but is found in anomalously high concentrations (around 100 times greater than normal) in a thin worldwide layer of clay marking the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, 66 million years ago.
World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust. Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007 "EarthRef.org Digital Archive (ERDA) -- Major Element Composition of the Core vs the Bulk Earth". earthref.org
[5] [7] Iridium levels in this layer were as much as 160 times above the background level. [8] It was hypothesized that the iridium was spread into the atmosphere when the impactor was vaporized and settled across Earth's surface among other material thrown up by the impact, producing the layer of iridium-enriched clay. [9]
The spectrum of copper minerals closely resembles that of silver, ranging from oxides of its multiple oxidation states through sulfides and silicates to halides and chlorates, iodates, nitrates and others. Natural alloys of copper (particularly with silver; the two metals can also be found in separate but co-mingled masses) are also found.
As with all of the platinum-group metals, osmium can be found naturally in alloys with nickel or copper. [56] Within Earth's crust, osmium, like iridium, is found at highest concentrations in three types of geologic structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions from below), impact craters, and
One of the largest bullion coins in the world was the 10,000-dollar Australian Gold Nugget coin minted in Australia, which consists of a full kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. In 2012, the Perth Mint produced a 1-tonne coin of 99.99% pure gold with a face value of $ 1 million AUD, making it the largest minted coin in the world with a gold value of ...