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The two models initially dominant in North America in the 1980s were the Glucometer, introduced in November 1981, [4] whose trademark is owned by Bayer, and the Accu-Chek meter (by Roche). Consequently, these brand names have become synonymous with the generic product to many health care professionals.
Blood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood ().Particularly important in diabetes management, a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin (typically, via fingerstick) to draw blood, then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'.
Noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM), called Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring when used as a CGM technique, is the measurement of blood glucose levels, required by people with diabetes to prevent both chronic and acute complications from the disease, without drawing blood, puncturing the skin, or causing pain or trauma.
According to the Economic complexity index, Pakistan is the 67th largest export economy in the world and the 106th most complex economy. [10] During the fiscal year 2015–16, Pakistan's exports stood at US$20.81 billion and imports at US$44.76 billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion.
In 1999 the firm pleaded guilty to participation in a worldwide conspiracy to raise and fix prices for vitamins sold in the US and globally. Hoffmann-La Roche paid $500 million in criminal fines to the United States. [96] [97] [98]
Pakistan Monument: Islamabad House of Abdus Salam: Jhang, Punjab Allama Iqbal's Tomb: Lahore, Punjab Allama Iqbal Museum (Javaid Manzil) Lahore, Punjab Islamic Summit Minar (Tower) Lahore, Punjab Minar-e-Pakistan: Lahore, Punjab Khaliq Dina Public Hall and Library: Karachi, Sindh Quaid-e-Azam's Mazar (Mausoleum on Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Karachi ...
Pakistan International Airlines: PK PIA: PAKISTAN: 1946 Islamabad International Airport: 48 Full service Airblue: PA ABQ: Air Blue: 2004: Islamabad International Airport: 30 Full service Serene Air: ER SEP: Serene Air: 2017: Jinnah International Airport: 20 Full service Air Sial: PF SIF: Air Sial: 2020: Jinnah International Airport: 15 Full ...
Following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices, Pakistan's economy could not withstand the pressure, and on 11 October 2008, the State Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 million to $7,749.7 million. [64]