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Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Samhita: 1500-800 BCE [1] Shakhas
The first verse of the Mimamsa Sutras states that the text's purpose is an inquiry into dharma. [4] The text establishes that dharma cannot be known through perception. Teachings of dharma without basis in the Vedas, such as of the Buddha and Jina, are based on perception.
The Medha Suktam from the Vedas are from the centuries before the common era, when the conceptualization of Saraswati as the goddess of knowledge. Though the two popular versions of Medha Suktam explained above also invoke a goddess called Saraswati, the emphasis is more on goddess Medha and on Medha (knowledge) itself.
Bījagaṇita: Ancient Indian mathematics, algebra textbook by Indian mathematician Bhāskara II; Brahmana: one of the parts into which the Vedas are divided, and are its second layer. Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta: written by ancient mathematician Brahmagupta in which hindu number system, zero, Brahmagupta's Bijganit, algebra with arithmetic is ...
[16]: 248–264 The early Buddhist texts assert that pre-Buddha ancient Indian sages who taught these virtues were earlier incarnations of the Buddha. [ 16 ] : 248 –264 Post-Buddha, these same virtues are found in the Hindu texts such as verse 1.33 of the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali , wherein the word maitri is synonymous with metta .
Hindi literature (Hindi: हिंदी साहित्य, romanized: hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Central Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Hindi, some of which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa such as Awadhi and Marwari.
Presbyterian Samuel H. Kellogg who taught at the seminary in Allahabad [9] headed three translators working on translation of the Old Testament into Hindi, including William Hooper, of the Church Missionary Society, and Joseph Arthur Lambert. [10] Kellogg's Hindi Grammar (1876, 1893) is still consulted today. [11]
Ashtadhatu (Sanskrit: अष्टधातु, romanized: Aṣṭadhātu, lit. 'eight metals'), also called octo-alloy, is an alloy comprising the eight metals of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, tin, iron, and mercury, [1] [2] often used for casting metallic idols for Jain and Hindu temples in India.