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  2. Stars and bars (combinatorics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_bars_(combinatorics)

    The three-choose-two combination yields two results, depending on whether a bin is allowed to have zero items. In both results the number of bins is 3. If zero is not allowed, the number of cookies should be n = 6, as described in the previous figure. If zero is allowed, the number of cookies should only be n = 3.

  3. All-pairs testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs_testing

    In most cases, a single input parameter or an interaction between two parameters is what causes a program's bugs. [2] Bugs involving interactions between three or more parameters are both progressively less common [3] and also progressively more expensive to find, such testing has as its limit the testing of all possible inputs. [4]

  4. Binary decision diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_decision_diagram

    The left figure below shows a binary decision tree (the reduction rules are not applied), and a truth table, each representing the function (,,).In the tree on the left, the value of the function can be determined for a given variable assignment by following a path down the graph to a terminal.

  5. Combination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination

    In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations).For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange.

  6. Lottery mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_mathematics

    Lottery mathematics is used to calculate probabilities of winning or losing a lottery game. It is based primarily on combinatorics, particularly the twelvefold way and combinations without replacement. It can also be used to analyze coincidences that happen in lottery drawings, such as repeated numbers appearing across different draws. [1

  7. Combinatorial design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_design

    An r × n tuscan-k rectangle on n symbols has r rows and n columns such that: each row is a permutation of the n symbols and; for any two distinct symbols a and b and for each m from 1 to k, there is at most one row in which b is m steps to the right of a. If r = n and k = 1 these are referred to as Tuscan squares, while if r = n and k = n - 1 ...

  8. Combinatorics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics

    Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.

  9. Convolution of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_of_probability...

    The probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent random variables is the convolution of their corresponding probability mass functions or probability density functions respectively.