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The speed of light imposes a minimum propagation time on all electromagnetic signals. It is not possible to reduce the latency below = / where s is the distance and c m is the speed of light in the medium (roughly 200,000 km/s for most fiber or electrical media, depending on their velocity factor).
The propagation delay of a physical link can be calculated by dividing the distance (the length of the medium) in meter by its propagation speed in m/s. Propagation time = Distance / propagation speed. Example: Ethernet communication over a UTP copper cable with maximum distance of 100 meter between computer and switching node results in:
When talking about circuit bit rates, people will interchangeably use the terms throughput, bandwidth and speed, and refer to a circuit as being a '64 k' circuit, or a '2 meg' circuit — meaning 64 kbit/s or 2 Mbit/s (see also the List of connection bandwidths). However, a '64 k' circuit will not transmit a '64 k' file in one second.
In March 2024, the FCC announced a new benchmark for "high speed" or broadband internet as download speeds of 100 Mbps and upload speeds of 20 Mbps. Most internet providers offer plans starting at ...
ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available in a wide ...
RTT is a measure of the amount of time taken for an entire message to be sent to a destination and for a reply to be sent back to the sender. The time to send the message to the destination in its entirety is known as the network latency, and thus RTT is twice the latency in the network plus a processing delay at the destination. The other ...
Latency, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed. Lag, as it is known in gaming circles, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games.
To measure the distance to an object, the time from transmission of a pulse to reception is measured and converted into a range using the known speed of sound. [28] To measure the bearing, several hydrophones are used, and the set measures the relative arrival time to each, or with an array of hydrophones, by measuring the relative amplitude in ...