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To reduce toxicity concerns, it is often substituted with strontium carbonate, which behaves in a similar way in glazes but is of lower toxicity. In the brick, tile, earthenware and pottery industries barium carbonate is added to clays to precipitate soluble salts (calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate) that cause efflorescence.
Barium nitrate – Ba(NO 3) 2 [98] Barium oxalate – Ba(C 2 O 4) [99] Barium oxide – BaO [100] Barium permanganate – Ba(MnO 4) 2 [101] Barium peroxide – BaO 2 [102] Barium sulfate – BaSO 4 [103] Barium sulfide – BaS [104] Barium titanate – BaTiO 3 [105] Barium thiocyanate – Ba(SCN) 2 [106]
The abundance of barium is 0.0425% in the Earth's crust and 13 μg/L in sea water. The primary commercial source of barium is baryte (also called barytes or heavy spar), a barium sulfate mineral. [9]: 5 with deposits in many parts of the world. Another commercial source, far less important than baryte, is witherite, barium carbonate. The main ...
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO − 3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.
Like all soluble barium compounds, barium nitrate is toxic by ingestion or inhalation. [8] Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salts or sodium sulfate may be given as first aid for barium poisoning, as they precipitate the barium as the insoluble (and non-toxic) barium sulfate. Inhalation may also cause irritation to the respiratory tract.
Barium acetate is generally produced by the reaction of acetic acid with barium carbonate: [2] BaCO 3 + 2 CH 3 COOH → (CH 3 COO) 2 Ba + CO 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is performed in solution and the barium acetate crystalizes out at temperatures above 41 °C. Between 25 and 40 °C, the monohydrate version crystalizes. Alternatively, barium ...