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In mathematics, in particular in algebra, polarization is a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables. Specifically, given a homogeneous polynomial, polarization produces a unique symmetric multilinear form from which the original polynomial can be recovered by evaluating along a certain diagonal.
For example, the real numbers form the real line, which is pictured as the horizontal axis of the complex plane, while real multiples of are the vertical axis. A complex number can also be defined by its geometric polar coordinates : the radius is called the absolute value of the complex number, while the angle from the positive real axis is ...
In polar form, if and are real numbers then the conjugate of is . This can be shown using Euler's formula . The product of a complex number and its conjugate is a real number: a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}} (or r 2 {\displaystyle r^{2}} in polar coordinates ).
the point's direction from the pole relative to the direction of the polar axis, a ray drawn from the pole. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate, radial distance or simply radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. [1] The pole is analogous to the origin in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates. The plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the polar axis (where the polar angle is a right angle) is called the reference plane (sometimes fundamental plane).
A quadratic form q : M → R may be characterized in the following equivalent ways: There exists an R-bilinear form b : M × M → R such that q(v) is the associated quadratic form. q(av) = a 2 q(v) for all a ∈ R and v ∈ M, and the polar form of q is R-bilinear.
For example, a polynomial of degree n has a pole of degree n at infinity. The complex plane extended by a point at infinity is called the Riemann sphere . If f is a function that is meromorphic on the whole Riemann sphere, then it has a finite number of zeros and poles, and the sum of the orders of its poles equals the sum of the orders of its ...
The one-parameter subgroups L and H in Q profile the activity in the product, and is a resolution of the types of group action. The realms of business and science abound in ratios, and any change in ratios draws attention. The study refers to hyperbolic coordinates in Q.