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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid.It is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and chloroform but more soluble in polar organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily known as the basis for the preparation of its esters, known as parabens ...
Rats exposed to a high concentration of butylparaben during pregnancy gave birth to fewer pups, and pups with malformed reproductive organs. [1] Mice administered butylparaben at 0.01-1% body weight for ten weeks showed a decrease in serum testosterone concentration and in spermatid counts in the seminiferous tubules.
They are produced by the esterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid with the appropriate alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, or n-propanol. para-Hydroxybenzoic acid is in turn produced industrially from a modification of the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, using potassium phenoxide and carbon dioxide. [citation needed]
Monohydroxybenzoic acid may refer to any of three isomeric phenolic acids: Salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid) 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-hydroxybenzoic acid) 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) Monohydroxybenzoic acids can be degraded by microbes. [1]
Hydroxybenzoic acid may refer to several related chemical compounds: 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid) 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-hydroxybenzoic acid) 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)
It begins between the 4 and 8 weeks of pregnancy and usually subsides by 14 to 16 weeks. The exact cause of nausea is not fully understood but it correlates with the rise in the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin , progesterone , and the resulting relaxation of smooth muscle of the stomach.
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