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  2. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    Proof by construction, or proof by example, is the construction of a concrete example with a property to show that something having that property exists. Joseph Liouville, for instance, proved the existence of transcendental numbers by constructing an explicit example.

  3. Proof by example - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_example

    The following example demonstrates why this line of reasoning is a logical fallacy: I've seen a person shoot someone dead. Therefore, all people are murderers. In the common discourse, a proof by example can also be used to describe an attempt to establish a claim using statistically insignificant examples. In which case, the merit of each ...

  4. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    A typical example is the proof of the proposition "there is no smallest positive rational number": assume there is a smallest positive rational number q and derive a contradiction by observing that ⁠ q / 2 ⁠ is even smaller than q and still positive.

  5. Q.E.D. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.E.D.

    In printed English language texts, the formal statements of theorems, lemmas, and propositions are set in italics by tradition. The beginning of a proof usually follows immediately thereafter, and is indicated by the word "proof" in boldface or italics.

  6. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    One often finds, in mathematical prose for instance, several necessary conditions that, taken together, constitute a sufficient condition (i.e., individually necessary and jointly sufficient [9]), as shown in Example 5. Example 1 For it to be true that "John is a bachelor", it is necessary that it be also true that he is unmarried, male, adult,

  7. Mathematical induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction

    In this example, although S(k) also holds for {,,,,}, the above proof cannot be modified to replace the minimum amount of 12 dollar to any lower value m. For m = 11 , the base case is actually false; for m = 10 , the second case in the induction step (replacing three 5- by four 4-dollar coins) will not work; let alone for even lower m .

  8. List of mathematical proofs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_proofs

    Banach fixed-point theorem; Banach–Tarski paradox; Basel problem; Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem; Brouwer fixed-point theorem; Buckingham π theorem (proof in progress); Burnside's lemma

  9. Language of mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_mathematics

    For example, "or" means "one, the other or both", while, in common language, "both" is sometimes included and sometimes not. Also, a "line" is straight and has zero width. Use of common words with a meaning that is completely different from their common meaning. For example, a mathematical ring is not related to any other meaning of "ring".

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