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There are two main models for how urbanization affects gene flow of urban populations. The first is through habitat fragmentation, also called urban fragmentation, in which alterations to the landscape that disrupt or fragment the habitat decrease genetic diversity. The second is called the urban facilitation model, and suggests that in some ...
Urban evolution can be caused by non-random mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, or evolution by natural selection. [1] In the context of Earth's living history, rapid urbanization is a relatively recent phenomenon, yet biologists have already observed evolutionary change in numerous species compared to their rural counterparts on a ...
Likewise, urbanization has been shown to impact the gene flow of distinctly different species (ex. mice and bats) in similar ways. While these two species may have different ecological niches and living strategies, urbanization limits the dispersal strategies of both species. This leads to genetic isolation of both populations, resulting in ...
The level of gene flow impacts its effects on local adaptation, high gene flow tends to reduce local adaptation whereas low gene flow can increase local adaptation. [17] High gene flow is when there is a lot of new genetic material entering the population often and low gene flow is when a population occasionally gets new genetic material.
Because the effects of landscape on gene flow are not universal, sweeping generalities cannot be made, and species-specific studies are necessary. [ 2 ] Many of these pitfalls result from the interdisciplinary nature of landscape genetics, and could be avoided with better collaboration among specialists in the fields of population genetics ...
Scientific evidence that gene flow is reduced due to fragmentation depends on the study species. While trees that have long-range pollination and dispersal mechanisms may not experience reduced gene flow following fragmentation, [34] most species are at risk of reduced gene flow following habitat fragmentation. [12]
Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even human-made structures such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the flow of plant genes. [51] Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations or species, breaking down the structure. Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then ...
The latter addresses how landscape features influence the population structure and gene flow of organisms across time and space. The field of landscape genomics is distinct from landscape genetics in that it is not focused on the neutral genetic processes, but considers, in addition to neutral processes such as drift and gene flow, explicitly ...