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The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. [3]
The 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) is a region of a gene which is transcribed into mRNA, and is located at the 5′-end of the mRNA. This region of an mRNA may or may not be translated, but is usually involved in the regulation of translation. The 5′-untranslated region is the portion of the DNA starting from the cap site and extending ...
Although they are called untranslated regions, and do not form the protein-coding region of the gene, uORFs located within the 5' UTR can be translated into peptides. [1] The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation.
Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5' to 3' direction respectively in which RNA transcription takes place. [1] Upstream is toward the 5' end of the RNA molecule, and downstream is toward the 3
Several cell function specific transcription factors (there are about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell [14]) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer [15] and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern level of transcription of the target gene.
In prokaryotes, the 5' NAD+ modification is established by bacterial RNAP during transcription initiation [4] and has been shown to display functions analogous to those of the eukaryotic 5' cap. [7] In-vitro transcribed NAD-modified RNA was shown to be more resistant to RNase E, the main enzyme in the decay pathway of E. coli. [7]
This region of the mRNA transcript can range from 60 nucleotides to about 4000. [3] On average the length for the 3′-UTR in humans is approximately 800 nucleotides, while the average length of 5'-UTRs is only about 200 nucleotides. [4] The length of the 3′-UTR is significant since longer 3′-UTRs are associated with lower levels of gene ...
An open reading frame (ORF) is a reading frame that has the potential to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It requires a continuous sequence of DNA which may include a start codon, through a subsequent region which has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading frame.