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Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an unorthodox attitude or belief. [1]A freethinker holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, [2] and should instead be reached by other methods such as logic, reason, and empirical observation.
Jewish philosophy stresses that free will is a product of the intrinsic human soul, using the word neshama (from the Hebrew root n.sh.m. or .נ.ש.מ meaning "breath"), but the ability to make a free choice is through Yechida (from Hebrew word "yachid", יחיד, singular), the part of the soul that is united with God, [citation needed] the only being that is not hindered by or dependent on ...
Free will is the capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action. [1] Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen.
However, the free or virtuous person becomes capable, through reason and knowledge, to be genuinely free, even as they are being "determined". For the Dutch philosopher, acting out of one's own internal necessity is genuine freedom while being driven by exterior determinations is akin to bondage.
It could be said that it is the opposite of lateral thinking. [1] Unlike lateral thinking that involves using added intuition, risk taking, and imagination through unconscious and subconscious processes, vertical thinking consists of using more of a conscious approach via rational assessment in order to take in information or make decisions.
Unwilling to recant these ideas, Bruno was eventually burned as a heretic in Rome by the Italian Inquisition, in turn becoming a martyr for free thought. [10] Oliver Cromwell is described by Ignaz von Döllinger as "the first among the mighty men of the world to set up one special religious principle, and to enforce it so far as in him lay ...
The opposite bias, of not attributing feelings or thoughts to another person, is dehumanised perception, [23] a type of objectification. Attentional bias, the tendency of perception to be affected by recurring thoughts. [24] Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon.
It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical problem of free will, particularly in the form of metaphysical libertarianism. In science, most specifically quantum theory in physics, indeterminism is the belief that no event is certain and the entire outcome of anything is probabilistic.