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The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating ATP from the respiration of food, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow ...
Meat production and trade substantially increase risks for infectious diseases , including of pandemics, whether though contact with wild and farmed animals, or via husbandry's environmental impact. [97] [98] For example, avian influenza from poultry meat production is a threat to human health. [99]
Meat is an important and highly preferred human food. [2] Individuals' attitudes towards meat are of interest to consumer psychologists, to the meat industry, and to advocates of reduced meat consumption. [11] [12] [13] These attitudes can be affected by issues of price, health, taste, and ethics.
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. [1] A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism.
Drip loss is the leakage of myofibers and loss of iron, protein, and water during the transition of muscle to meat. [3] Drip loss impacts the quality and palatability of meat, and has been an issue for pork and chicken. [3] Drip loss is in part governed by the water holding capacity of meat. [4]
Protein toxicity is the effect of the buildup of protein metabolic waste compounds, like urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine.Protein toxicity has many causes, including urea cycle disorders, genetic mutations, excessive protein intake, and insufficient kidney function, such as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury.
Spoiled meat changes color and exudes a foul odor. Ingestion can cause serious food poisoning. Salt-curing processes were developed in antiquity [9] in order to ensure food safety without relying on then unknown anti-bacterial agents. The short shelf life of fresh meat does not pose significant problems when access to it is easy and supply is ...