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The sounds animals make are important because they communicate the animals' state. [5] Some animals species have been taught simple versions of human languages. [ 6 ] Animals can use, for example, electrolocation and echolocation to communicate about prey and location.
Unlike some human-made sonars that rely on many extremely narrow beams and many receivers to localize a target (multibeam sonar), animal echolocation has only one transmitter and two receivers (the ears) positioned slightly apart. The echoes returning to the ears arrive at different times and at different intensities, depending on the position ...
The animal is too small for the time difference of sound arriving at the two ears to be calculated in the usual way, yet it can determine the direction of sound sources with exquisite precision. The tympanic membranes of opposite ears are directly connected mechanically, allowing resolution of sub-microsecond time differences [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and ...
In sound localization, ITDs are used as cues for location in the azimuth. ITD changes systematically with azimuth. Sounds to the right arrive first at the right ear; sounds to the left arrive first at the left ear. In mammals there is a level difference in sounds at the two ears caused by the sound-shadowing effect of the head. But in many ...
While terrestrial animals often have a uniform method of producing and detecting sounds, aquatic animals have a range of mechanisms to produce and detect both vocal and non-vocal sounds. [7] In terms of sound production, fish can produce sounds such as boat-whistles, grunts and croaks using their swim bladder or pectoral fin.
Zoomusicology (/ ˌ z oʊ ə m j uː z ɪ ˈ k ɒ l ə dʒ i /) is the study of the musical aspects of sound and communication as produced and perceived by animals. [1] It is a field of musicology and zoology, and is a type of zoosemiotics.
Sounds from frogs travel through the air, through water, and through the substrate. Frogs and toads largely ignore sounds that are not conspecific calls or those of predators, [2] with only louder noises startling the animals. Even then, unless major vibration is included, they usually do not take any action unless the source has been visually ...
The impact of underwater sound can be reduced by limiting the sound exposure received by an animal. The maximum sound exposure level recommended by Southall et al. [54] for cetaceans is 215 dB re 1 μPa 2 s for hearing damage. Maximum sound pressure level for behavioural effects is dependent on context (Southall et al. [54]).