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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.
where = is the reduced Planck constant.. The quintessentially quantum mechanical uncertainty principle comes in many forms other than position–momentum. The energy–time relationship is widely used to relate quantum state lifetime to measured energy widths but its formal derivation is fraught with confusing issues about the nature of time.
The idea of quantum field theory began in the late 1920s with British physicist Paul Dirac, when he attempted to quantize the energy of the electromagnetic field; just as in quantum mechanics the energy of an electron in the hydrogen atom was quantized. Quantization is a procedure for constructing a quantum theory starting from a classical theory.
Part II, "Cryptodeterminism and Quantum Inseparability", focuses on Bell's theorem and other demonstrations that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories. (Within its substantial discussion of the failure of hidden variable theories , the book includes a FORTRAN program for testing whether a list of vectors forms a ...
Applications of quantum mechanics include explaining phenomena found in nature as well as developing technologies that rely upon quantum effects, like integrated circuits and lasers. [note 1] Quantum mechanics is also critically important for understanding how individual atoms are joined by covalent bonds to form molecules.
The first assumption of the GRW theory is that the wave function (or state vector) represents the most accurate possible specification of the state of a physical system. . This is a feature that the GRW theory shares with the standard Interpretations of quantum mechanics, and distinguishes it from hidden variable theories, like the de Broglie–Bohm theory, according to which the wave function ...
"Quantum mechanics is a theory about the physical description of physical systems relative to other systems, and this is a complete description of the world". [3] The essential idea behind RQM is that different observers may give different accurate accounts of the same system.
Quantum advantage comes in the form of time complexity rather than computability, and quantum complexity theory shows that some quantum algorithms are exponentially more efficient than the best-known classical algorithms. A large-scale quantum computer could in theory solve computational problems unsolvable by a classical computer in any ...