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Barbara, AO., Richard, AG., and Thomas, JK(2007) Kuby Immunology. W..H Freeman and Company, pp 111–142; Kemp, DJ.; Cory, S.; Adams, JM. (1979). "Cloned pairs of variable region genes for immunoglobulin heavy-chains isolated from a clone library of the entire mouse genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ...
Antigen presentation stimulates immature T cells to become either mature "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or mature "helper" CD4+ cells. An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.
Membrane attack complex (Terminal complement complex C5b-9) A membrane attack complex attached to a pathogenic cell The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector of the immune system.
In immunology, antibodies (immunoglobulins (Ig)) are classified into several types called isotypes or classes. The variable (V) regions near the tip of the antibody can differ from molecule to molecule in countless ways, allowing it to specifically target an antigen (or more exactly, an epitope). In contrast, the constant (C) regions only occur ...
[6] [7] The length of the spacer region corresponds to approximately one (12 basepairs) or two turns (23 basepairs) of the DNA helix. Following what is known as the 12/23 Rule, gene segments to be recombined are usually adjacent to RSSs of different spacer lengths ( i.e. , one has a "12RSS" and one has a "23RSS"). [ 8 ]
In immunology, central tolerance (also known as negative selection) is the process of eliminating any developing T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself. [1] Through elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, tolerance ensures that the immune system does not attack self peptides . [ 2 ]
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction.
The classical and alternative complement pathways. Alternative pathway. (Some labels are in Polish.) The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, a natural defense against infections.