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The attitude indicator (AI), also known as the gyro horizon or artificial horizon, is a flight instrument that informs the pilot of the aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon, and gives an immediate indication of the smallest orientation change. The miniature aircraft and horizon bar mimic the relationship of the aircraft relative to ...
For example, the orientation in space of a line, line segment, or vector can be specified with only two values, for example two direction cosines. Another example is the position of a point on the Earth, often described using the orientation of a line joining it with the Earth's center, measured using the two angles of longitude and latitude.
x b axis - positive out the nose of the aircraft in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft; z b axis - perpendicular to the x b axis, in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft, positive below the aircraft; y b axis - perpendicular to the x b,z b-plane, positive determined by the right-hand rule (generally, positive out the right wing) Wind frame
The attitude is described by attitude coordinates, and consists of at least three coordinates. [ 1 ] While from a geometrical point of view the different methods to describe orientations are defined using only some reference frames, in engineering applications it is important also to describe how these frames are attached to the lab and the ...
In painting, photography, graphical perspective and descriptive geometry, a picture plane is an image plane located between the "eye point" (or oculus) and the object being viewed and is usually coextensive to the material surface of the work. It is ordinarily a vertical plane perpendicular to the sightline to the object of interest.
For aviators, proper recognition of aircraft attitude is most critical at night or in poor weather, when there is no visible horizon; in these conditions, aviators may determine aircraft attitude by reference to an attitude indicator. Spatial disorientation can occur in other situations where visibility is reduced, such as diving operations.
How linear or point-projection prospective works: Rays of light travel from the object (cube), through the picture plane, and to the viewer's eye (O). Vanishing points emitting straightly lines coincident with the edges the cube drawn on the picture plane are located at the left and right of the plane.
For example, when α is the ground plane and β is the horizon plane, then the vanishing line of α is the horizon line β ∩ π. To put it simply, the vanishing line of some plane, say α , is obtained by the intersection of the image plane with another plane, say β , parallel to the plane of interest ( α ), passing through the camera center.