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In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula C=O, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes , ketones and carboxylic acid ), as part of many larger functional groups.
In the reduction of metal chlorides with carbon monoxide phosgene is formed, as in the preparation of osmium carbonyl chloride from the chloride salts. [38] Carbon monoxide is also suitable for the reduction of sulfides, where carbonyl sulfide is the byproduct.
The α-carbon (alpha-carbon) refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl. The second carbon atom is called the β-carbon ( beta -carbon), the third is the γ-carbon ( gamma -carbon), and the naming system continues in alphabetical order.
Acyl compounds react with nucleophiles via an addition mechanism: the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. This reaction can be accelerated by acidic conditions, which make the carbonyl more electrophilic , or basic conditions, which provide a more anionic and therefore more reactive nucleophile.
A reducing sugar is one that reduces another compound and is itself oxidized; that is, the carbonyl carbon of the sugar is oxidized to a carboxyl group. [2] A sugar is classified as a reducing sugar only if it has an open-chain form with an aldehyde group or a free hemiacetal group. [3]
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds featuring a carbonyl conjugated to an alkene that is terminal, or vinylic, contain the acryloyl group (H 2 C=CH−C(=O)−); it is the acyl group derived from acrylic acid. The preferred IUPAC name for the group is prop-2-enoyl, and it is also known as acrylyl or simply (and incorrectly) as acryl. Compounds ...
The Mond process, sometimes known as the carbonyl process, is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1890, [1] to extract and purify nickel. The process was used commercially before the end of the 19th century, [ 2 ] and particularly by the International Nickel Company in the Sudbury Basin . [ 3 ]
The α carbon atom of the enolate ion is sp 2-hybridized and has a p orbital that overlaps the neighboring carbonyl p orbitals. Thus, the negative charge is shared by the electronegative oxygen atom, and the enolate ion is stabilized by resonance .