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Grace Hopper is a private transatlantic communications cable that connects the United States of America with the UK and Spain . It was announced by Google in 2020 and scheduled to go live in 2022. [1] The US to UK (Bude) leg went live on 27 September 2022. [2] [3]
SubmarineCableMap.com — simple map; Detailed interactive world map — at TeleGeography.com (2018 Version) Global Caribbean net Archived 2016-10-18 at the Wayback Machine — reference site for GCN, MCN, and SCF; Timeline of submarine cables, 1850–2007 — at Atlantic-Cable.com; TeleGeography submarine cable map — at TeleGeography.com
World map showing submarine cables in 2015. In the 1980s, fiber-optic cables were developed. The first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fiber was TAT-8, which went into operation in 1988. A fiber-optic cable comprises multiple pairs of fibers. Each pair has one fiber in each direction. TAT-8 had two operational pairs and one backup ...
The system uses a specialized submarine cable with 6 pairs of optical fibers and a conductive element to power optical amplifiers. These pairs of optical fibers have different purposes: two pairs are used for the main connection on the route " Murmansk ( Teriberka ) – Vladivostok ", with a length of 12,650 km;
Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) is a 28,000-kilometre-long (17,398 mi; 15,119 nmi) fibre optic mostly-submarine communications cable that connects the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and many places in between. The cable is operated by Global Cloud Xchange, a subsidiary of RCOM. [1]
Finally, States have the obligation of making damages to submarine internet cables a punishable offence (article 113), except if it is unavoidable with lives or ships at stake. [6] With the growing discussions following climate change and environmental issue, submarine cables' sustainable protection ought to be a priority.
Dunant is the first new subsea cable between the US and France in 15 years and will have landing stations at Virginia Beach (US) and Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez (France). [3] [4] Telecoms industry analysts have stated that the main purpose of Google's subsea cable investment is twofold: to support quality of service and reduce costs. [5]
FASTER is a trans-Pacific submarine communications cable that went live during the last week of June 2016. [1] The cable has a total length of approximately 11,629 km [2] and a capacity of 60Tb/s. [3] The companies involved in the project include: [1] [3] Google; KDDI; SingTel; China Telecom Global; China Mobile International; Global Transit ...