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For example, applying vector calculus in 2 dimensions, such as to compute torque or curl, requires adding an artificial 3rd dimension and extending the vector field to be constant in that dimension, or alternately considering these to be scalars. The torque or curl is then a normal vector field in this 3rd dimension.
A vector pointing from point A to point B. In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector [1] or spatial vector [2]) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction.
The hypersphere in 2 dimensions is a circle, sometimes called a 1-sphere (S 1) because it is a one-dimensional manifold. In a Euclidean plane, it has the length 2π r and the area of its interior is
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle .
A two-dimensional space is a mathematical space with two dimensions, meaning points have two degrees of freedom: their locations can be locally described with two coordinates or they can move in two independent directions. Common two-dimensional spaces are often called planes, or, more generally, surfaces. These include analogs to physical ...
In geometric algebra, a multivector is defined to be the sum of different-grade k-blades, such as the summation of a scalar, a vector, and a 2-vector. [17] A sum of only k-grade components is called a k-vector, [18] or a homogeneous multivector. [19] The highest grade element in a space is called a pseudoscalar.
In a d-dimensional space, Hodge star takes a k-vector to a (d–k)-vector; thus only in d = 3 dimensions is the result an element of dimension one (3–2 = 1), i.e. a vector. For example, in d = 4 dimensions, the cross product of two vectors has dimension 4–2 = 2, giving a bivector. Thus, only in three dimensions does cross product define an ...
A multivector that is the exterior product of linearly independent vectors is called a blade, and is said to be of grade . [f] A multivector that is the sum of blades of grade is called a (homogeneous) multivector of grade . From the axioms, with closure, every multivector of the geometric algebra is a sum of blades.