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The frequency of the suspension response at the golden-car simulation speed also determines the final IRI ride value. The IRI sensitivity is focused on wavelengths between 0.82 and nearly 200-feet (0.25 to 61 meters). Although, if any wavelengths are equal to 7.9 or 50 feet (2.4 or 15.2 meters) the IRI values are weighted higher. [2]
The pavement condition index (PCI) is a numerical index between 0 and 100, which is used to indicate the general condition of a pavement section.The PCI is widely used in transportation civil engineering [1] and asset management, and many municipalities use it to measure the performance of their road infrastructure and their levels of service. [2]
Single coverage thicknesses range from 55 to 90 pounds per square (100 sq. ft.) for single-coverage; Double coverage range from 110 to 140 pounds per square. [4] Fibre content: mixed rag fibre - lowest cost, shortest life; all plastic fibres; fibreglass - longest lived; Bitumen: bitumen - stiffens & hardens in winter, cracks in time
The PASER scale is a 1-10 rating system for road pavement condition developed by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Transportation Information Center. PASER uses visual inspection to evaluate pavement surface conditions.
Area density typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 pounds per square foot (8.8–11.2 kg/m 2). Fiberglass shingles gradually began to replace organic felt shingles, and by 1982 overtook them in use. Widespread hurricane damage in Florida during the 1990s prompted the industry to adhere to a 1700-gram tear value on finished asphalt shingles ...
The ground pressure of motorized vehicles is often compared with the ground pressure of a human foot, which can be 60 – 80 kPa while walking or as much as 13 MPa for a person in spike heels. [ 3 ] Increasing the size of the contact area on the ground (the footprint ) in relation to the weight decreases the unit ground pressure.
Cold mix asphalt is often used on lower-volume rural roads, where hot mix asphalt would cool too much on the long trip from the asphalt plant to the construction site. [ 18 ] An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1,200 vehicles per day ...
Roof pitch is the steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of inch(es) rise per horizontal foot (or their metric equivalent), or as the angle in degrees its surface deviates from the horizontal. A flat roof has a pitch of zero in either instance; all other roofs are pitched .
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