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For example, in the spin 1/2 example discussed above, the system can be prepared in the state ψ by using measurement of σ 1 as a filter that retains only those particles such that σ 1 yields +1. By the von Neumann (so-called) postulates, immediately after the measurement the system is assuredly in the state ψ .
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
Arithmetica (Ancient Greek: Ἀριθμητικά) is an Ancient Greek text on mathematics written by the mathematician Diophantus (c. 200/214 AD – c. 284/298 AD) in the 3rd century AD. [1] It is a collection of 130 algebraic problems giving numerical solutions of determinate equations (those with a unique solution) and indeterminate equations.
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, an indeterminate equation is an equation for which there is more than one solution. [1] For example, the equation a x + b y = c {\displaystyle ax+by=c} is a simple indeterminate equation, as is x 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}=1} .
Here is a basic example involving the exponential function, which involves the indeterminate form 0 / 0 at x = 0: + = (+) = + = This is a more elaborate example involving 0 / 0 . Applying L'Hôpital's rule a single time still results in an indeterminate form.
An indeterminate system by definition is consistent, in the sense of having at least one solution. [3] For a system of linear equations, the number of equations in an indeterminate system could be the same as the number of unknowns, less than the number of unknowns (an underdetermined system ), or greater than the number of unknowns (an ...
If you consider an experimenter taking a reading of the time period of a pendulum swinging past a fiducial marker: If their stop-watch or timer starts with 1 second on the clock then all of their results will be off by 1 second (zero error).
The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal. [ 1 ] The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects.