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  2. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    In three dimensions, the derivative has a special structure allowing the introduction of a cross product: = + = + from which it is easily seen that Gauss's law is the scalar part, the Ampère–Maxwell law is the vector part, Faraday's law is the pseudovector part, and Gauss's law for magnetism is the pseudoscalar part of the equation.

  3. Linear programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming

    Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also known as mathematical optimization).

  4. Polarization identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_identity

    In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space. If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely in terms of the norm.

  5. Dual linear program - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_linear_program

    Suppose we have the linear program: Maximize c T x subject to Ax ≤ b, x ≥ 0.. We would like to construct an upper bound on the solution. So we create a linear combination of the constraints, with positive coefficients, such that the coefficients of x in the constraints are at least c T.

  6. Linear logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_logic

    Linear logic is a substructural logic proposed by French logician Jean-Yves Girard as a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic, joining the dualities of the former with many of the constructive properties of the latter. [1]

  7. Law (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a law is a formula that is always true within a given context. [1] Laws describe a relationship , between two or more expressions or terms (which may contain variables ), usually using equality or inequality , [ 2 ] or between formulas themselves, for instance, in mathematical logic .

  8. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.

  9. Fundamental theorem of linear programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of...

    In mathematical optimization, the fundamental theorem of linear programming states, in a weak formulation, that the maxima and minima of a linear function over a convex polygonal region occur at the region's corners.