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Time of flight (ToF) is the measurement of the time taken by an object, particle or wave (be it acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) to travel a distance through a medium. This information can then be used to measure velocity or path length, or as a way to learn about the particle or medium's properties (such as composition or flow rate).
Projectile trajectory around a planet, compared to the motion in a uniform gravity field. When a projectile travels a range that is significant compared to the Earth's radius (above ≈100 km), the curvature of the Earth and the non-uniform Earth's gravity have to be considered.
The aforementioned ballistics tables are generally: functions, air density, projectile time at range, range, degree of projectile departure, weight and diameter to facilitate the calculation of ballistic formulae. These formulae produce the projectile velocity at range, drag and trajectories.
Mathematically, it is given as = / where = acceleration due to gravity (app 9.81 m/s²), = initial velocity (m/s) and = angle made by the projectile with the horizontal axis. 2. Time of flight (): this is the total time taken for the projectile to fall back to the same plane from which it was projected.
The surface of the projectile also must be considered: a smooth projectile will face less air resistance than a rough-surfaced one, and irregularities on the surface of a projectile may change its trajectory if they create more drag on one side of the projectile than on the other. However, certain irregularities such as dimples on a golf ball ...
During flight, gravity, drag, and wind have a major impact on the path of the projectile, and must be accounted for when predicting how the projectile will travel. For medium to longer ranges and flight times, besides gravity, air resistance and wind, several intermediate or meso variables described in the external factors paragraph have to be ...
A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously. The mass might be a projectile or a ...
Interior ballistics can be considered in three time periods: [4] Lock time - the time from sear release until the primer is struck; Ignition time - the time from when the primer is struck until the projectile starts to move; Barrel time - the time from when the projectile starts to move until it exits the barrel. Diagram of internal ballistic ...