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Sarcopenia (ICD-10-CM code M62.84 [1]) is a type of muscle loss that occurs with aging and/or immobility. It is characterized by the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. The rate of muscle loss is dependent on exercise level, co-morbidities, nutrition and other factors.
Osteoporosis can affect nearly 1 in 3 women and the bone loss is the most rapid within the first 2–3 years after menopause. This can be prevented by menopause hormone therapy or MHT, which is meant to prevent bone loss and the degradation of the bone microarchitecture and is noted to reduce the risk of fractures in bones by 20-30%.
Compared to other tissues in the body, the brain is deemed unusually sensitive to oxidative damage. [24] Increased oxidative damage has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mild cognitive impairment and individual differences in cognition in healthy elderly people. In 'normal aging', the brain is undergoing oxidative stress in a ...
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
In the elderly, this often leads to decreased biological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors known as the "frailty syndrome." [3] Loss of lean body mass is also associated with increased risk of infection, decreased immunity, and poor wound healing. The weakness that accompanies muscle atrophy leads to higher risk of falls ...
Many elderly people gradually lose functioning ability and require either additional assistance in the home or a move to an eldercare facility. [37] Their adult children often find it challenging to help their elderly parents make the right choices. [38] Assisted living is one option for the elderly who need assistance with everyday tasks.
Thymic involution is the shrinking of the thymus with age, resulting in changes in the architecture of the thymus and a decrease in tissue mass. [1] Thymus involution is one of the major characteristics of vertebrate immunology, and occurs in almost all vertebrates, from birds, teleosts, amphibians to reptiles, though the thymi of a few species of sharks are known not to involute.
The primary sites of end-target organ damage following an increase in arterial stiffness are the heart, the brain (stroke, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs)), the placenta, and the kidneys (age-related loss of kidney function). [21] Firstly, stiffened arteries compromise the Windkessel effect of the arteries. [22]