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Solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the comet nucleus, which also carry away dust grains. Radiation pressure and solar wind then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust particles create a broader ...
[3]: 66n, 541 (This is a trivial conclusion, since the emissivity, , is defined to be the quantity that makes this equation valid. What is non-trivial is the proposition that ε ≤ 1 {\displaystyle \varepsilon \leq 1} , which is a consequence of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation .
Radiation pressure affects the effective force of gravity on the particle: it is felt more strongly by smaller particles, and blows very small particles away from the Sun. It is characterized by the dimensionless dust parameter β {\displaystyle \beta } , the ratio of the force due to radiation pressure to the force of gravity on the particle:
If electromagnetic energy is not gained from or lost to other forms of energy within some region (e.g., mechanical energy, or heat), then electromagnetic energy is locally conserved within that region, yielding a continuity equation as a special case of Poynting's theorem: = where is the energy density of the electromagnetic field. This ...
Also required are the equations of state, relating the pressure, opacity and energy generation rate to other local variables appropriate for the material, such as temperature, density, chemical composition, etc. Relevant equations of state for pressure may have to include the perfect gas law, radiation pressure, pressure due to degenerate ...
One may distinguish between the cases of small and large stellar masses by deriving the above results using radiation pressure. In this case, it is easier to use the optical opacity and to consider the internal temperature T I directly; more precisely, one can consider the average temperature in the radiation zone.
Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives [citation needed] 1.1 MPa 162 psi Pressure of an average human bite [citation needed] 2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64] 5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa 700 psi
The radiation stress – mean excess momentum-flux due to the presence of the waves – plays an important role in the explanation and modeling of various coastal processes: [1] [2] [3] Wave setup and setdown – the radiation stress consists in part of a radiation pressure, exerted at the free surface elevation of the mean flow