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Dysmenorrhea, also known as period pain, painful periods or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. [ 1 ] Symptoms typically last less than three days. [ 1 ]
This causes symptoms due to the shift of fluid into the intestinal lumen, with plasma volume contraction and acute intestinal distention. [3] Osmotic diarrhea, distension of the small bowel leading to crampy abdominal pain, and reduced blood volume can result. Late dumping syndrome occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal.
One-third of women will experience abnormal uterine bleeding in their life. Normal menstrual cycle has a frequency of 24 to 38 days, lasts 7 to 9 days, so bleeding that lasts longer could be considered abnormal. Very heavy bleeding (for example, needing to use 1 or more tampons or sanitary pads every hour) is another symptom. [19]
Bleeding is typically divided into two main types: upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [2] Causes of upper GI bleeds include: peptic ulcer disease, esophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis and cancer, among others. [3] Causes of lower GI bleeds include: hemorrhoids, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease among ...
The most common signs and symptoms are bleeding, which can vary from minor to severe, rectal prolapse and incomplete evacuation (35%-76% of cases). [4] According to one report, constipation is present in about 55% of cases, but diarrhea is present in 20%–40% of cases. [1] Reported symptoms are: Hematochezia (lower gastrointestinal bleeding).
Variation of 21 days or more is considered very irregular. [6] Alternatively, a single menstruation cycle may be defined as irregular if it is less than 24 days or more than 38 days. [7] If they are regularly shorter than 21 days or longer than 36 (or 35) days, the condition is termed polymenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, respectively. [8]
Blood in stool looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is. The term can refer either to melena, with a black appearance, typically originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; or to hematochezia, with a red color, typically originating from lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [6]
Melena is considered a medical emergency as it arises from a significant amount of bleeding. Urgent care is required to rule out serious causes and prevent potentially life-threatening emergencies. A less serious, self-limiting case of melena can occur in newborns two to three days after delivery, due to swallowed maternal blood. [citation needed]