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European Union (EU) concepts, acronyms, and jargon are a terminology set that has developed as a form of shorthand, to quickly express a (formal) EU process, an (informal) institutional working practice, or an EU body, function or decision, and which is commonly understood among EU officials or external people who regularly deal with EU institutions.
The EPSR is not part of EU fundamental legislation, thus the 20 principles that constitute social rights are not applicable to EU citizens. Except for the few aspects in the Treaties, such as gender equality and anti-discrimination, there is no compulsion for either the Member States or the European institutions to implement the EPSR.
Horizon 2020 itself is seen as a policy instrument to implement other high-level policy initiatives of the European Union, such as Europe 2020 and Innovation Union. [citation needed] The programme consists of three main research areas that are called "pillars": [citation needed] The first pillar, "Excellent Science", focuses on basic science.
The political structure of the European Union (EU) is similar to a confederation, where many policy areas are federalised into common institutions capable of making law; the competences to control foreign policy, defence policy, or the majority of direct taxation policies are mostly reserved for the twenty-seven state governments (the Union ...
Directives occur when a decision at an EU level is used to direct member state governments on what to do. Directives specify the results to be achieved and the deadline within which to achieve them, but form and methods of implementation are left at the discretion of member states.
EU foreign policy is committed to the protection of human rights. Research suggests that rhetoric along these lines from EU decision-makers is consistent with actual EU foreign policy activity. [13] [14] Military and economic interventions by the EU are consistently more likely in countries where violence explicitly targets civilians. [13]
[3] [4] [5] The community method can be contrasted with intergovernmental decision making processes used in the former second and third pillars of the Union in which the European Commission and European Parliament played less important roles, [4] and to intergovernmental cooperation outside of the formal EU processes, such as the Schengen ...
The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.