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  2. Oligocene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene

    The Oligocene is preceded by the Eocene Epoch and is followed by the Miocene Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period. The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene. [9]

  3. DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

    DNA contains the genetic information that allows all forms of life to function, grow and reproduce. However, it is unclear how long in the 4-billion-year history of life DNA has performed this function, as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material.

  4. Oligonucleotide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide

    Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.Commonly made in the laboratory by solid-phase chemical synthesis, [1] these small fragments of nucleic acids can be manufactured as single-stranded molecules with any user-specified sequence, and so are vital for artificial gene synthesis, polymerase ...

  5. Origin of replication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_replication

    Specific DNA elements and epigenetic features involved in ORC recruitment and origin function are summarized for S. cerevisiae, S. pombe, and metazoan origins. A schematic of the ORC architecture is also shown, highlighting the arrangement of the AAA+ and winged-helix domains into a pentameric ring that encircles origin DNA.

  6. Pre-replication complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-replication_complex

    A pre-replication complex (pre-RC) is a protein complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initiation step of DNA replication. Formation of the pre-RC is required for DNA replication to occur. Complete and faithful replication of the genome ensures that each daughter cell will carry the same genetic information as the parent cell.

  7. Licensing factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_factor

    A licensing factor is a protein or complex of proteins that allows an origin of replication to begin DNA replication at that site. Licensing factors primarily occur in eukaryotic cells, since bacteria use simpler systems to initiate replication. However, many archaea use homologues of eukaryotic licensing factors to initiate replication. [1]

  8. Origin recognition complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_Recognition_Complex

    When Mcm2-7 is first loaded it completely encircles the DNA and helicase activity is inhibited. In S phase, the Mcm2-7 complex interacts with helicase cofactors Cdc45 and GINS to isolate a single DNA strand, unwind the origin, and begin replication down the chromosome. In order to have bidirectional replication, this process happens twice at an ...

  9. Last universal common ancestor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor

    [a] [14] The DNA was kept double-stranded by an enzyme, DNA polymerase, which recognises the structure and directionality of DNA. [15] The integrity of the DNA was maintained by a group of repair enzymes including DNA topoisomerase. [16] If the genetic code was based on dual-stranded DNA, it was expressed by copying the information to single ...