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3D sketch of a Saturn liquid hydrogen tanker. Atmospheric mining is the process of extracting valuable materials or other non-renewable resources from the atmosphere. Due to the abundance of molecular hydrogen and helium in the outer planets of the Solar System, advances in technology may eventually make mining their atmospheres a favorable alternative to mining terrestrial surfaces.
The Helium Network is a decentralized wireless Internet of things (IoT) network using the LoRaWAN system, tied to the cryptocurrency Helium Network Token (symbol HNT). [1] Nodes on the network are generally owned and placed by individuals in their homes or offices, and they are rewarded for their participation in the network in payments of HNT ...
A number of people, starting with Gerald Kulcinski in 1986, [66] have proposed to explore the Moon, mine lunar regolith and use the helium-3 for fusion. Because of the low concentrations of helium-3, any mining equipment would need to process extremely large amounts of regolith (over 150 tonnes of regolith to obtain one gram of helium-3). [67]
Helium-4 is an unusually stable nucleus because its nucleons are arranged into complete shells. It was also formed in enormous quantities during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. [113] Helium-3 is present on Earth only in trace amounts. Most of it has been present since Earth's formation, though some falls to Earth trapped in cosmic dust. [114]
By one estimate, over 150 tons of regolith must be processed to obtain 1 gram (0.035 oz) of helium 3. [71] China has begun the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program for exploring the Moon and is investigating the prospect of lunar mining, specifically looking for the isotope helium-3 for use as an energy source on Earth. [72]
The three-atom combination of helium-4 atoms is an Efimov state. [1] [2] Helium-3 is predicted to form a trimer, although ground state dimers containing helium-3 are completely unstable. [3] Helium trimer molecules have been produced by expanding cold helium gas from a nozzle into a vacuum chamber.
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Helium is the smallest and the lightest noble gas and one of the most unreactive elements, so it was commonly considered that helium compounds cannot exist at all, or at least under normal conditions. [1] Helium's first ionization energy of 24.57 eV is the highest of any element. [2]