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The Gestetner Cyclograph was a stencil-method duplicator that used a thin sheet of paper coated with wax (originally kite paper was used), which was written upon with a special stylus that left a broken line through the stencil, removing the paper's wax coating. Ink was forced through the stencil (originally by an ink roller), and it left its ...
When spread over 20 or more copies, the cost per copy (2 to 4 cents) is close to photocopiers. But for every additional copy, the average cost decreases. At 100 prints, the master cost per copy was only 0.4–0.8 cents per copy, and the cost of the paper printed upon will start to dominate.
A school newspaper published using a ditto machine in 1978 A hand-cranked spirit duplicator from the 1960s. The duplicator uses two-ply "spirit masters", also called "master sheets". The first sheet can be typed, drawn, or written upon. The second sheet is coated with a layer of wax that had been impregnated with one of a variety of colorants.
Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 11:38, 6 February 2022: 50 × 50 (375 bytes): Sarang: Reverted to version as of 01:29, 5 August 2010 (UTC) Do not overwrite with Inscape drawn SVG
In 1990 it sold the paper mills in the group – Nash Mills, Keynsham Paper Mill and Fife Paper Mills – to Sappi of South Africa. These mills were subsequently closed by Sappi as were all other acquisitions (Kymmini Oy, Blackburn Mill and Wolvercote Mill) they had made in the UK.
In 1911, Consolidated took over the nearby Biron mill from the Grand Rapids Pulp and Paper Co., which became the Biron Division. [4] [5] In 1916, it absorbed the Interlake Pulp & Paper Company of Appleton, which became the Interlake Division. [5] In 1918, the company built a hydroelectric dam at Stevens Point, adding paper machines in 1919. [5]
Among the later improvements by the Volta Associates, the Graphophone used a cutting stylus to create lateral zig-zag grooves of uniform depth into the wax-coated cardboard cylinders, rather than the up-down vertically-cut grooves of Edison's contemporary phonograph machine designs. [1] [2] Dictaphone cylinder dictation machine from early 1920s.
A Xerox digital photocopier in 2010. A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine, and formerly Xerox machine, the generic trademark) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply.