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These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms, and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds; however, in cases such as in the metabolism of alcohol, the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves be the cause of toxic effects.
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...
Biotransformation of dichlofenthion mainly occur during the formation of more polar conjugates as it is lipophilic. Therefore, causing for formation of metabolites during biotransformation which would result in change in toxicity. These biotransformation reactions involve Phase I and Phase II reactions. [2]
Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. [1] Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes. Major industries and life-saving technologies depend on ...
The phase 2 reactions are thus classified as the detoxifying reactions during the biotransformation of MCT in rats. During the phase 2 reactions, dehydro MCT can react with nucleophilic biological macromolecules (NuS) which is a toxic intermediate. Addition of such molecules may result into Cytotoxicity. Dehydro MCT may also undergo further ...
Metabolism (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the chemical reactions of the drug and irreversible breakdown into metabolites (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes)
The biotransformation of xenobiotics may occur in three phases. [13] In phase I, reactive and polar groups are introduced into the substrates. In phase II, conjugation of xenobiotics with charged species occurs, and in phase III additional modifications are made, with efflux mechanisms leading to excretion by transporters. [13]
Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of organic materials, ... 3 - C.O.R.S. [2] and Grub Composting are sustainable technologies [3] ...