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A Karnaugh map (KM or K-map) is a diagram that can be used to simplify a Boolean algebra expression. Maurice Karnaugh introduced the technique in 1953 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] as a refinement of Edward W. Veitch 's 1952 Veitch chart , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] which itself was a rediscovery of Allan Marquand 's 1881 logical diagram [ 5 ] [ 6 ] or Marquand diagram . [ 4 ]
Now we know roughly how the hazard is occurring, for a clearer picture and the solution on how to solve this problem, we would look to the Karnaugh map. A theorem proved by Huffman [2] tells us that adding a redundant loop 'BC' will eliminate the hazard. The amended function is:
Converting a Karnaugh map to a Zhegalkin polynomial. The figure shows a function of three variables, P(A, B, C) represented as a Karnaugh map, which the reader may consider as an example of how to convert such maps into Zhegalkin polynomials; the general procedure is given in the following steps:
Don't-care terms are important to consider in minimizing logic circuit design, including graphical methods like Karnaugh–Veitch maps and algebraic methods such as the Quine–McCluskey algorithm. In 1958, Seymour Ginsburg proved that minimization of states of a finite-state machine with don't-care conditions does not necessarily yield a ...
Marquand diagram: truth table values arranged in a two-dimensional grid (used in a Karnaugh map) Binary decision diagram, listing the truth table values at the bottom of a binary tree; Venn diagram, depicting the truth table values as a colouring of regions of the plane; Algebraically, as a propositional formula using rudimentary Boolean functions:
Although more practical than Karnaugh mapping when dealing with more than four variables, the Quine–McCluskey algorithm also has a limited range of use since the problem it solves is NP-complete. [22] [23] [24] The running time of the Quine–McCluskey algorithm grows exponentially with the number of variables.
For the case when the Boolean function is specified by a circuit (that is, we want to find an equivalent circuit of minimum size possible), the unbounded circuit minimization problem was long-conjectured to be -complete in time complexity, a result finally proved in 2008, [4] but there are effective heuristics such as Karnaugh maps and the ...
The primary difference between the Veitch and Karnaugh versions is that the Veitch diagram presents the data in the binary sequence used in the truth table while the Karnaugh map interchanges the third and fourth rows and the third and fourth columns. The general digital computer community chose the Karnaugh approach.