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  2. Law of total expectation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation

    The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [1] the law of iterated expectations [2] (LIE), Adam's law, [3] the tower rule, [4] and the smoothing theorem, [5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value ⁡ is defined, and is any random variable on the same probability space, then

  3. Tower rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_rule

    The tower rule may refer to one of two rules in mathematics: Law of total expectation , in probability and stochastic theory a rule governing the degree of a field extension of a field extension in field theory

  4. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations , probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms .

  5. Conditional expectation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation

    This is not a constructive definition; we are merely given the required property that a conditional expectation must satisfy. The definition of E ⁡ ( X ∣ H ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X\mid {\mathcal {H}})} may resemble that of E ⁡ ( X ∣ H ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (X\mid H)} for an event H {\displaystyle H} but these ...

  6. Tower property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Tower_property&redirect=no

    This page was last edited on 15 June 2010, at 18:39 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...

  7. Direct limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_limit

    In mathematics, a direct limit is a way to construct a (typically large) object from many (typically smaller) objects that are put together in a specific way. These objects may be groups, rings, vector spaces or in general objects from any category.

  8. Indicator function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_function

    The term "characteristic function" has an unrelated meaning in classic probability theory. For this reason, traditional probabilists use the term indicator function for the function defined here almost exclusively, while mathematicians in other fields are more likely to use the term characteristic function [ a ] to describe the function that ...

  9. Generic property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_property

    In probability, a generic property is an event that occurs almost surely, meaning that it occurs with probability 1. For example, the law of large numbers states that the sample mean converges almost surely to the population mean. This is the definition in the measure theory case specialized to a probability space.